The Turkey Vulture is a large and widely distributed raptor that feeds almost entirely on carrion. It spends much of each day soaring. Its plumage is very dark brown overall. It has relatively long and broad wings and long, rounded tail. In flight, it holds its wings in a strong "V" or dihedral position. From below, the silvery flight feathers contrast noticeably with the darker body and forewing plumage. Its head is featherless, except for a few bristles, and appears very small and "neckless" relative to the body. The head, legs, and feet are reddish-colored on adults. The Turkey Vulture is usually seen soaring above forest or open areas in long straight glides. It is a graceful flier and rarely flaps its wings, except during takeoffs and landings. Its body and wings teeters gently in response to slight changes in winds. During migration it can form into large flocks, known as "kettles", of hundreds or thousands of birds, which circle together in thermal updrafts.
SIZE
The Turkey Vulture is a relatively large, but light raptor. It is smaller than Golden and Bald eagles but larger than all buteo hawks. Males and females are similar in size. Body lengths average 26 inches (67 centimeters). Wingspans average 67 inches (171 centimeters). Weights average four pounds (1.8 kilograms). Large birds can have wingspans of six feet (183 centimeters) and weigh over five pounds (2.3 kilograms).
MORPHS
Once attaining adult plumage there is no individual variation in plumage. In the field, all adult birds appear the same.
SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION
Adult - Flight
- long, broad wings
- appears "headless" from a distance
- tail about three times longer than head
- all dark body
- two-toned wings with dark leading edge and silvery flight feathers on the trailing edge
- feathers at wing tips are deeply "fingered"
- holds wings in "V" or dihedral position in flight
- tilts back and forth in flight
- red head
Subadult - Flight
- similar to adult
Immature - Flight
- long, broad wings
- appears "headless" from a distance
- tail about three times longer than head
- all dark body
- similar plumage patterns to adult, but underwing less silvery
- feathers at wingtips are deeply "fingered"
- holds wings in "V" or dihedral position in flight
- tilts back and forth in flight
- gray head
SIMILAR SPECIES
The Turkey Vulture can be confused with other large, dark raptors that soar. The similar Black Vulture has a black, rather than red head (although juvenile Turkey Vultures have dark heads). In flight the Turkey Vulture has longer wings, with silvery flight feathers contrasting with a black body and front of the wing compared to the Black Vulture's shorter wings, stouter profile, and white, rather than silvery, flight feathers at the wingtip only. In flight it can be separated from hawks and eagles by the strong dihedral (V-shaped) position of the wings, and the lack of sustained and strong wingbeats. Other species that hold their wings in a shallow dihedral include the Golden Eagle, Northern Harrier, Rough-legged Hawk, Ferruginous Hawk, Red-tailed Hawk, Swainson's Hawk, and Zone-tailed Hawk. The latter species is the only other raptor that tilts back and forth when it flies. Dark-morph buteos and Common Ravens may also be confused with this species under certain conditions.
OTHER NAMES
Often referred to as buzzard or turkey buzzard. Adults and immatures are sometimes call "redheads" and "blackheads", respectively.
ETYMOLOGY
Catharus is from the Greek word kathartes which refers to a cleanser or purifier, probably referring to its scavenging activities. The species name aura is from the Latin "gold" which may refer to the color of its head in museum specimens but the word is more likely derived from a Latin American version of "vulture".
MYTHOLOGY
The Cherokee people believed that drinking a vulture's blood, or hanging a dead vulture near a home, gave temporary immunity from all diseases. They also used vulture feathers to cleanse wounds because vultures were known as birds of purification. Early European settlers believed that Turkey Vulture fat dissolved in oil and rubbed on the body would relieve aches and pains.